Direct air capture works like a gigantic air purifier. Facilities pull air through special filters that grab CO2 molecules and separate them from the rest of the air, concentrating them for use or storage.

Direct ocean removal works like a water filter that separates CO2 from seawater, removing the CO2 that oceans have naturally absorbed over time and storing it safeuly underground.

Biomass burial takes dead trees and plants that absorbed CO2 while growing and buries them in special oxygen-free underground sites where they can’t decompose, keeping the CO2 locked away permanently.

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage burns plant waste and dead trees to generate clean electricity, but captures all the CO2 that would normally escape and pumps it underground for permanent storage.

Carbon mineralization mixes CO2 with special minerals that react together to form rock-like substances, permanently locking the CO2 away in a solid form that can be turned into useful building materials.

Ocean alkalinity enhancement adds natural minerals to seawater, like a giant antacid for the ocean, which reduces acidity and increases the water’s ability to absorb and hold more CO2 from the atmosphere.

Biochar turns dead plants and leftover crops into a charcoal-like material by heating it without oxygen, permanently trapping CO2 inside while creating a useful product that helps soil hold water and nutrients better.